He has been severely censured by many historians for his actions in this area. [10] The titles afforded to the German king were "Caesar", "Augustus", and "Emperor of the Romans". [67] In 1186, he engineered the marriage of his son Henry to Constance of Sicily, heiress to the Kingdom of Sicily, over the objections of Pope Urban III. Although Manuel now formed an allegiance with the rebellious Norman barons, the city of Genoa, and the Pope, Adrian still would not accept the Byzantine offer of help against William I of Sicily. The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, where they were victorious in taking Aksehir and defeating the Turks in the Battle of Iconium, and entered Cilician Armenia. When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the prince-bishop of Bamberg were at his deathbed. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. Born at Iesi (Marche), died at Castelfiorentino, Puglia. [22] On their way northwards, they attacked Spoleto and encountered the ambassadors of Manuel I Comnenus, who showered Frederick with costly gifts. In 1158, after Frederick had solved several decisive domestic problems (see below), he began his second campaign in Italy, seeking the complete restoration of the imperial rights. Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos. 18. He also promised not to concede any Italian land to the Byzantine Emperor and, finally, to maintain the position of the papacy (honor papatus). [15] He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian;[2] in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which has the same meaning. During his lifetime, Barbarossa was a popular ruler, and was well-loved by his subjects. [18] He moved on to Pavia, where he received the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy. There were at least eight Crusades, beginning in the late 11th century and ending in the late 16th century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He then made a vain effort to obtain a bride from the court of Constantinople. Concerned over rumours that Alexander III was about to enter into an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] in October 1166 Frederick embarked on his fourth Italian campaign, hoping as well to secure the claim of Paschal III and the coronation of his wife Beatrice as Holy Roman Empress. [85], Frederick's uncle, Otto, bishop of Freising wrote a biography entitled The Deeds of Frederick Barbarosa, which is considered to be an accurate history of the king. Frederick, moreover, filled several vacant episcopal sees, thereby violating the Concordat of Worms of 1122. Apart from being King of Germany, he was also crowned King of Italy and King of Burgundy. Also in the Peace of Venice, a truce was made with the Lombard cities, which took effect in August 1178. Rival states were in perpetual war. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor synonyms, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor pronunciation, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor translation, English dictionary definition of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Church was opposed to Frederick for ideological reasons, not the least of which was the humanist nature found in the revival of the old Roman legal system. Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1176. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, approximately 1123-1190 . Frederick promised not to make peace with the Roman commune, headed by Arnold (whom he hanged) or with the Normans without the agreement of the Pope. [44] Unfortunately, his campaign was halted by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic (malaria or the plague), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany,[45][46] where he remained for the ensuing six years. Legacy of Frederick I Frederick Barbarossa had attempted to continue the imperial policy of the rulers of the Saxon and Salian lines. These millennial fables were common and freely traded by the populations on Continental Europe. It was through the use of the restored Justinian code that Frederick came to view himself as a new Roman emperor. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. The Romans began to riot, and Frederick spent his coronation day putting down the revolt, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Romans and many more thousands injured. [50] Frederick embarked on the Third Crusade (1189–92), a massive expedition in conjunction with the French, led by King Philip Augustus, and the English, under King Richard the Lionheart. Frederick could not afford to make an outright enemy of Henry. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1155, and finally crowned Roman Emperor by … Frederick I, byname Frederick Barbarossa (Italian: Redbeard), (born c. 1123—died June 10, 1190), duke of Swabia (as Frederick III, 1147–90) and German king and Holy Roman emperor (1152–90), who challenged papal authority and sought to establish German predominance in western Europe. Biography. Legal scholars renewed its application. His teeth are even and snow-white in color ... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. He died while on the Third Crusade to the Holy Land. The German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to regain the imperial power held by Henry V. Instead, they chose Lothair III (1125–1137), who found himself embroiled in a long-running dispute with the Hohenstaufens, and who married into the Welfs. [84], In medieval Europe, the Golden Legend became refined by Jacopo da Voragine. [68], Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph. Omissions? Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. [63] When Frederick returned to Germany after his defeat in northern Italy, he was a bitter and exhausted man. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. Holy Roman Emperor In 1153, King Frederick traveled to Italy with an army. Penny or denier with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, struck in Nijmegen. This was a popularized interpretation of the Biblical end of the world. 216 relations. Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs. Eugenius III, on his part, promised that Frederick would receive the imperial crown and that the rights of the empire would be maintained. Frederick Barbarossa: see Frederick I Frederick I or Frederick Barbarossa [Ital.,=red beard], c.1125–90, Holy Roman emperor (1155–90) and German king (1152–90), son of Frederick of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, nephew and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III. Each found himself in the possession of new legal institutions that were put to creative use in governing. The money of Italy was not, however, the only motive of Frederick’s Italian policy. [24] Henry II Jasomirgott was named Duke of Austria in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. The next day, Frederick, Adrian, and the German army travelled to Tivoli. One of the Hohenstaufens gained the throne as Conrad III of Germany (1137–1152). Only 5,000 soldiers, a small fraction of the original force, arrived in Acre. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For a quarter of a century following the death of Henry V in 1125, the German monarchy was largely a nominal title with no real power. [2] As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate,[15] and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. In a move to consolidate his reign after the disastrous expedition into Italy, Frederick was formally crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178. Henry spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law Henry II of England in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany. The political result of the struggle with Pope Alexander was an alliance formed between the Norman state of Sicily and Pope Alexander III against Frederick. On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowned near Silifke Castle in the Saleph river. She was betrothed to King, In the 2002 real-time strategy video game, Frederick Barbarossa leads the German civilization in the 2016. He also severely punished the citizens of Mainz for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. The only real claim to wealth lay in the rich cities of northern Italy, which were still within the nominal control of the German king. [41], In the meantime Frederick was focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the canonization of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) at Aachen, under the authority of the antipope Paschal III. Eager to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under Charlemagne and Otto I the Great, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. 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