7   “Jurisdiction … is not defeated … by the possibility that the averments might fail to state a cause of action on which petitioners could actually recover.” Bell, 327 U. S., at 682. I therefore join only Parts I and IV of the Court’s opinion. Bell, 327 U. S., at 679. Although the language of the citizen-suit provision is ambiguous, other sections of EPCRA indicate that Congress did not intend to confer jurisdiction over citizen suits for wholly past violations. Such a principle would turn every statutory question in an EPCRA citizen suit into a question of jurisdiction that this Court would have to consider—indeed, raise sua sponte—even if not raised below. Moreover, those statutory arguments, since they are “jurisdictional,” would have to be considered by this Court even though not raised earlier in the litigation—indeed, this Court would have to raise them sua sponte. Like us on Facebook to see similar stories, 'Creates more problems than it's worth': CDC eases COVID-19 testing recommendations for vaccinated people, Death toll surges as Palestinians flee Israeli fire in Gaza. Obviously, such a principle would make the redressability requirement vanish. 19   Although the Court discussed redressability, Renne did not in fact turn on that issue. Similarly in Ellis v. Dyson, 421 U. S. 426, 436 (1975), the “authoritative ground of decision” upon which the District Court relied in lieu of determining whether there was a case or controversy was Younger abstention, which we have treated as jurisdictional. “It … is evident that whichever disposition we undertake, the effect is the same. See, e.g., 7 U. S. C. §13a–1(d) (“In any action brought under this section, the Commission may seek and the court shall have jurisdiction to impose … a civil penalty in the amount of not more than the higher of $100,000 or triple the monetary gain to the person for each violation”); 15 U. S. C. §2622(d) (“In actions brought under this subsection, the district courts shall have jurisdiction to grant all appropriate relief, including injunctive relief and compensatory and exemplary damages”); 42 U. S. C. §7622(d) (“In actions brought under this subsection, the district courts shall have jurisdiction to grant all appropriate relief including, but not limited to, injunctive relief, compensatory, and exemplary damages”). National Labor Relations Board v Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, 301 U.S. 1, was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 The decision could embolden Trump to take further tariff actions without worrying that the Supreme Court will strike them down. Ante, at 23–24. It held that dismissal was required because respondent had merely alleged “a failure to timely file the required reports, a violation of the Act for which there is no jurisdiction for a citizen suit.” App. The Court gives me too much credit. The first thing to be observed about Avrech is that the supposed jurisdictional issue was technically not that. And that rule makes enormous practical sense. In Philadelphia, for example, all types of cases were privately prosecuted, with assault and battery prosecutions being the most common. EPCRA frames the question in terms of “jurisdiction.” Section 326(c) states: “The district court shall have jurisdiction in actions brought under [§326(a)] against an owner or operator of a facility to enforce the requirement concerned and to impose any civil penalty provided for violation of that requirement.” 42 U. S. C. §11046(c). Yet the Court fails to specify why payment to respondent—even if only a peppercorn—would redress respondent’s injuries, while payment to the Treasury does not. Under that meaning, “cause of action is a question of whether a particular plaintiff is a member of the class of litigants that may, as a matter of law, appropriately invoke the power of the court.” Davis, 442 U. S., at 240, and n. 18 (emphasis deleted); see also id., at 239 (“The concept of a ‘cause of action’ is employed specifically to determine who may judicially enforce the statutory rights or obligations” (emphasis added)). As our holding in Bell v. Hood, 327 U. S. 678, 681–685 (1946), demonstrates, just as a court always has jurisdiction to determine its own jurisdiction, United States v. Mine Workers, 330 U. S. 258, 290 (1947), a federal court also has jurisdiction to decide whether a plaintiff who alleges that she has been injured by a violation of federal law has stated a cause of action.7 Indeed, Bell held that we have jurisdiction to decide this question even when it is unclear whether the plaintiff   ’s injuries can be redressed.8Thus, Bell demonstrates that the Court has the power to decide whether a cause of action exists even when it is unclear whether the plaintiff has standing.9. Congress has the power to define injuries and articulate chains of causation that will give rise to a case or controversy where none existed before … .” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U. S., at 580 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); see also Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U. S. 363, 373–374 (1982); Warth v. Seldin, 422 U. S. 312, 500 (1975). In that circumstance, causation and redressability ordinarily hinge on the response of the regulated (or regulable) third party to the government action or inaction—and perhaps on the response of others as well.” 504 U. S., at 561–562 (emphasis in original). 434 U.S. 452. The latter question is an issue of statutory standing. This case is on appeal from a Rule 12(b) motion to dismiss on the pleadings, so we must presume that the general allegations in the complaint encompass the specific facts necessary to support those allegations. On writ of certiorari to this Court, the United States, as petitioner, argued both issues: that the respondents did not come within the “zone of interests” of the statute, and that they did not have standing under Article III of the Constitution.5 A unanimous Court bypassed the constitutional standing question in order to decide the statutory question. This triad of injury in fact, causation, and redressability  5 comprises the core of Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement, and the party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing its existence. Cf. The reasons for allowing merits questions to be decided before statutory standing questions do not support allowing merits questions to be decided before Article III questions. Id., at 86–88. We decline to endorse such an approach because it carries the courts beyond the bounds of authorized judicial action and thus offends fundamental principles of separation of powers. Before the Court came to a decision, however, the merits issue in the case had been conclusively resolved in Parker v. Levy, 417 U. S. 733 (1974), a case argued the same day as Avrech. “Bell,” Justice Stevens asserts, “held that we have jurisdiction to decide [whether the plaintiff has stated a cause of action] even when it is unclear whether the plaintiff’s injuries can be redressed.” Post, at 7. Not only is this not true, but the whole point of Bell was that it is not true. Healthy Bd. Thus, Norton did not use the pretermission of the jurisdictional question as a device for reaching a question of law that otherwise would have gone unaddressed. III … requires that a federal court act only to redress injury that fairly can be traced to the challenged action of the defendant, and not injury that results from the independent action of some third party not before the court”(emphasis added)); Warth, 422 U. S.,at504–508 (stating that “the indirectness of the injury . Also contrary to Justice Stevens’ unprecedented suggestion, post, at 14, redressability—like the other prongs of the standing inquiry—does not depend on the defendant’s status as a governmental entity. Attorney General v. Delaware & Hudson Co., 213 U. S. 366, 407–408 (1909); Parsons v. Bedford, 3 Pet. Suppose that the Administrator identified a violator of the Act and issued a compliance order … . Instead, it is a judicial creation of the past 25 years, see Simon v. Eastern Ky. The judgment is vacated and the case remanded with instructions to direct that the complaint be dismissed. Under the Court’s reasoning, however, state and local governments would not have standing to sue for past violations, as a payment to the Treasury would no more “redress” the injury of these governments than it would redress respondent’s injury. to Stop the War, 418 U. S. 208, 227 (1974). In the instant case, the RP admitted the claim of … The import group did not have an immediate comment on the Supreme Court's decision to not to hear its complaint, thus ending a nearly two-year legal battle. “On every writ of error or appeal, the first and fundamental question is that of jurisdiction, first, of this court, and then of the court from which the record comes. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations The complaint asks for (1) a declaratory judgment that petitioner violated EPCRA; (2) authorization to inspect periodically petitioner’s facility and records (with costs borne by petitioner); (3) an order requiring petitioner to provide respondent copies of all compliance reports submitted to the EPA; (4) an order requiring petitioner to pay civil penalties of $25,000 per day for each violation of §§11022 and 11023; (5) an award of all respondent’s “costs, in connection with the investigation and prosecution of this matter, including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees, as authorized by Section 326(f) of [EPCRA]”; and (6) any such further relief as the court deems appropriate. Such a question, we have held, goes to the merits and not to statutory standing. In a landmark judgement, on November 15, 2019, a three-judge bench of the Indian Supreme Court in Essar Steel [1] set aside most of the NCLAT’s judgment and has given much needed clarity to the stakeholders. . The American Institute for International Steel, which represents importers of foreign-made steel, argued the law is unconstitutional because it imposes no limits on the president’s discretion to take action. 17–25. Ginsburg, J., filed an opinion concurring in the judgment. "The decision ... is acknowledgment once again that Congress acted within its constitutional authority when it authorized the president to take action to adjust imports that threaten to impair our national security," Thomas Gibson, president of the American Iron and Steel Institute, said in a statement. 8766-67 of 2019. 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