2008, 12 (3): 159-172. A total of 417 primary schools and 69 health facilities in these districts participated in the demonstration project[32]. Sekirime WK, Gray R: HIV infection among Ugandan women with cervical cancer: a retrospective study. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602540. She returned having learned it is reasonable to suppose not very much beyond the contents of her own wishful little speeched commending South Africa's efforts to "build a multi racial democracy" Zimbabwe's gestures at family planning, the Rwanda" War Crimes Tribunal" conducted by the UN in Tanzania, and what she chose to call "democracy" in Uganda, a "warkshop" in Eritrea, and a village in Senegal where " grass roots sfforts are under way to train citizens about the institution of democracy. Article  Vaccine. Cite this article. The Public Health Act 1935 (Ch 281) and 2000 revision and the Local Government Act (Ch 243)[47, 48] mandate the GOU to purchase and introduce vaccines for the public good. Ugandan women are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS accounting for 57% percent of approximately 1.2 million adults living with HIV[26]. Uganda has an opportunity to apply for the initial funding support from GAVI and then assume the responsibility for financing gradually. Equally, women in low income settings have a threefold risk of dying from cervical cancer than those in high income settings[2]. With Uganda’s high estimated population growth rate of 3.6% per annum[52], the growth of the immunization budget in real terms reduces significantly. The remaining 30% of cervical cancer cases are caused by other oncogenic HPV types. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Given the widespread cultural practice of early marriages to older and sexually experienced partners in most Ugandan communities, out- of- school girls are the most vulnerable to the acquisition of HPV infection. Yang BH, Bray FI, Parkin DM, Sellors JW, Zhang ZF: Cervical cancer as a priority for prevention in different regions: an evaluation using years of life lost. The Economist Intelligence Unit: Breakaway: The global burden of cancer-challenges and opportunities. 2005, JHU/UNICEF, Baltimore/New York, Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Such laws and policies would aid the introduction and sustenance of universal routine HPV vaccination program. California Privacy Statement, the bird was half the size of an eagleを言い換えたとき. 2012, UBOS, Kampala. とても難しくて困っています。 WHO/ICO Information Centre: HPV and Cervical cancer. 2011, 89: 821-30B. 2011, Mildmay Uganda, Kampala. These stakeholders will be involved in decision making on issues related to immunization. 2000, GOU, Kampala, GOU: Local Government Act 1997 (Chapter 243). 2004, 109 (3): 418-424. 2008, IARC, Lyon. 10.1159/000098197. CAS  Smith JS, Lindsay L, Hoots B, Keys J, Franceschi S, Winer R, Clifford GM: Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update. 2011, PATH, Seattle. Conversely, the cost of delivering a dose of the HPV vaccine integrated into an existing outreach program was estimated at US$1.65[30]. Cookies policy. 2006, 118: 985-990. CAS  Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda. volume 7, Article number: 24 (2012) CIA World Fact book HYPERLINK.“http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worl-factbook/geos/ug.htmlhttp://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worl-factbook/geos/ug.html. An additional challenge would be how to provide culturally appropriate information to community members with limited or no reading skills, and who may not have access to regular mass media or may not even trust the government or health authorities[60]. Moscicki AB, Hills N, Shiboski S, Powell K, Jay N, Hanson E, Miller S, Clayton L, Farhat S, Broering J, Darragh T, Palefsky J: Risks for incident human papillomavirus infection and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion development in young females. In a recent study, the cost of providing a single dose of HPV vaccine (excluding cost of vaccine) through a vertical school-based vaccination strategy was US$3.15[30] comparable to the cost of delivery (US$3.75) in Tanzania using the same strategy[55]. 和訳しました。 間違いもあるかもしれませんが、 参考にどうぞー 学年: 高校2年生, キーワード: geniusⅱ,read on!2,genius2,read on!,when in uganda,和訳 Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? I can write French as fast as read (it). 2007, 121: 621-632. Uganda has one of the youngest populations in the world with 50% of her population aged below 15 years[42]. However, sustainable financing by the government without external assistances remains a major obstacle. Bankole A, Biddlecom A, Guiella G, Singh S, Zule E: Sexual behavior, knowledge and information sources of very young adolescents in four sub Saharan countries. Among HIV positive women, the prevalence of HPV infections and high grade cervical pre-cancer lesions (CIN 2/3) is several fold higher than in HIV negative women[6, 7]. PubMed  10.1002/ijc.11719. The introduction of these two vaccines presents an opportunity to prevent approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases, globally[12]. Although HIV positive women seem to have a higher risk of dying from cervical cancer, their 3-year relative survival is similar to that of HIV negative women[29]. The majority (72%) of cervical cancer patients seen at the national referral hospital present with advanced disease[23]. PubMed  Vaccine. Br J Cancer. A school-based strategy was used in Ibanda district to vaccinate all girls in primary 5. Less than 10% of the total annual budget is allocated to the health sector, which is far below the Abuja Declaration target of 15%[38, 39]. この英文の場合、メインになる動詞はどこにあるのでしょうか？, ※各種外部サービスのアカウントをお持ちの方はこちらから簡単に登録できます。 Am J Epidemiol. 4)and what she chose to call "democracy" in Uganda, 5)a "workshop" in Eritrea, 6)and a village in Senegal where "grass-roots efforts are under way to train citizens about the institutions of democracy." Cecily Banura. 1999, 80: 827-841. FMM, ARK, PBN & EKM made substantial contributions to the manuscript and contributed to data interpretation. Cervical cancer is a public health priority in Uganda where it contributes to about 50–60% of all female malignancies. Gondos A, Brenner H, Wabinga H, Parkin D: Cancer survival in Kampala, Uganda. Given the high incidence of cervical cancer and in the absence of a national screening program, universal HPV vaccination of Ugandan adolescent girls is critical for cervical cancer prevention. Genius 1 Read On! Past experience has shown that there is usually a lag period of 15–20 years between the introduction of new vaccines in high- and low- income settings due to issues of financing, procurement and alternative pathways to vaccine development and production[17]. この英文の構造がよくわかりません。 10.2307/25549730. お客様の許可なしに外部サービスに投稿することはございませんのでご安心ください。, 英文法:The more I see of men, the more I love dogs.のofの文法的必要性とニュアンスをおしえてください。, ‘a government of the people, for the people, by the people', Then took the other, as just as fair, ... : Robert Frost の"The Road Not Taken"から, 「at least one of A, B, C, and D」 は、正しい英文でしょうか, 和訳お願いします。 The use of my toes was the only sign of, "terms of the contract" と "conditions of the contract" と "terms and conditions of a contract". 2004, 111 (2): 278-285. Yet, women in low- as opposed to those in high-income settings have about a two fold cumulative risk of developing cervical cancer before the age of 65 years[1]. J Natl Cancer Inst. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that routine HPV vaccination of young adolescent girls could be integrated in national immunization programs if 5 key criteria are fulfilled[18]. OAU: Abuja declaration on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases. Vaccine. Int J Cancer. 2009, 84 (15): 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-7-24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-7-24. Andrus J, Lewis M, Goldie S, Garcia P, Winkler J, Ruiz-Matus C, de Quadros CA: Human papillomavirus vaccine policy and delivery in Latin America and the Carribean. Such challenges have been exacerbated by increase in the number of districts from 50 in 2004 to the current 112 where health infrastructure may be limited or nonexistent. 2006, 24 (S3): S3:/35-S3/41. Consequently, the prognosis of cervical cancer patients is very poor with a 5-year relative survival of approximately 20% compared to about 64% for black Americans of USA[25]. 2005, 97: 577-586. 2003, UNICEF, Nairobi, Musisi NB, Kasente D, Balihuta AM: Attendance patterns and causes of dropout in primary schools in Uganda: A case study of 16 schools. By the end of 2011, over 30 high- and middle- income settings had introduced routine HPV vaccination in their national vaccination programs compared to only one (Rwanda) in SSA[16]. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM: GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. Although the median age of sexual debut for girls is approximately 17.5 years, 11.1% of girls have initiated sexual activity by the age of 15 years[43] A recent multi-site survey showed that 8% of Ugandan girls aged 12–14 years reported having had sexual intercourse[44]. Therefore, it will be critical for the MOH to involve local leaders in mobilization and outreach activities[30] and in addition partner with community- based public and private organization and their networks for delivery of effective community education. Compared to HIV negative women, HIV positive women seem to have higher risk[27] and early onset of cervical cancer[28]. statement and Not all health facilities are equipped to provide a full range of health care services and referral services seldom work. 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5. PubMed Central  Also, the existing health delivery systems would require strengthening to cope with the delivery of HPV vaccine to a population that is normally not targeted for routine vaccination. 2001, WHO, Geneva. de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Clifford R, Bruni L, Munoz N, Bosch FX: Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. Infectious Agents and Cancer However, based on data from the population-based Kampala Cancer Registry (KCR), Uganda has one of the highest cervical cancer incidence rates in the world[19].

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